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Large
cohort studies in the U.S. and in Europe
suggest that air pollution may increase
lung cancer risk. Biomarkers can be useful
to understand the mechanisms and to
characterize high-risk groups. Here we
describe biomarkers of exposure, in
particular DNA adducts as well as markers
of early damage, including mutagenicity,
other endpoints of genotoxicity and
molecular biomarkers of cancer. Several
studies found an association between
external measures of exposure to air
pollution and increased levels of DNA
adducts, with an apparent levelling-off of
the dose–response relationship. Also,
numerous experimental studies in vitro and
in vivo have provided unambiguous.....
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